Welcome!

By
Dr. Richard A. Gierak @ Dr. R. Gierak 1986
Published By
New Frontiers Institute, Inc.
THINKING DOLPHINS
Pre-face
It would appear from scanning the literature available on Cetaceans, that they vary from an aquatic animal of low intelligence to the status of an animal with greater intelligence than Man. Where do we begin to draw the distinctions and how do we begin to determine the intelligence of a different species than our own. What will be attempted in this publication is to'present the material on comparative evolution, anatomy, physiology, communicative skills and social interaction. Although this can be a monumental task there will be an attempt to be as accurate and concise as possible. This information is being presented to you for the express purpose of making you think about Who -Where -What and Why we (MAN) are.

COMPARATIVE EVOLUTION
During the Paleocene period of 60 - 75 millions of years ago the descendants of all Cetaceans walked upon the Planet Earth. Whether they were upright HAIRY BIPEDS or UNGULATES (buffalo or cattle like) there is no dispute of their origin as land animals during this time period.

During the Eocene period of 40 -60 millions of years ago these land animals had moved back to the sea . and evolutionary changes were well advanced. In the case of the Dolphins there were still separate Nares, Cutting Teeth in the cheeks, Conical teeth in the rostrum and a complex Brain weighing approximately 800 Grams. While the Cetaceans were evolving and adapting to the Sea primitive mammals again~ were appearing on the continental land masses.

During the 'Oligocene period of 28 - 40 millions of years ago the Cetaceans continue to adapt to the Sea and their brain size can be approximated at 1,200 Grams with continued complexity. Let us not forget Man however, during this period of history the first Ape - Parapitheus -appears upon the Earth with a small brain.

As we move from the Oligocene to the Miocene period of 12 -28 millions of years ago we see the Cetaceans evolving into the physical shapes that we are familiar with today. Modern Dolphins and Whales with Conical teeth. Baleen, blowhole located on the dorsum of .the animal and in the case of the Bottlenose Dolphin a 1.700 Gram complex brain. As we compare this with the evolution of Man we find during this period Large jawed and small brained Apes.

Continuing into the Pliocene period of 0.6 to 12 million years ago the outward physical shapes of the Cetaceans appears to have stabilized and we note no major changes. During this same period we see the probable early Ape stock for Humans walking on the Earth.

Finally we enter our own epoch, the Pleistocene. which began approximately 0.6 million years ago. As we saw little changes in the Cetaceans during the Pliocene. again the changes, if any, are subtle. Man, however, has come into his own. Australopithecines Man has appeared at the beginning of this period and show development of a complex brain weighing approximately 800 Grams, or 1.7 pounds. Pithecanthropus Man appeared on Earth approximately one half million years ago and his complex brain has expanded to approximately 900 Grams. Fifty thousand years ago the appearance of Paleolithic Man with a brain size of 1,300 Grams made his debut and ultimately we have Modern Man with his complex brain of approximately 1,300 Grams.

At this point let me present the biological classifications of both Man and Dolphin.
CHORDATES -vertebrates
CLASS -Mammalian (hair, nursing type, advanced brain)
SUBCLASS -Their (live bearing) INFRA CLASS -Euphoria (higher mammals with efficient placenta)

ORDER -Cetacean (whales and Dolphins)
SUBORDER -Archaeoceti (extinct ancestral whales)
SUBORDER -Odontoceti (toothed whales, porpoises, dolphins)
SUBORDER -Mysticeti (baleen whales)

ORDER -Primates (offshoot of primitive Placental stock)
SUBORDER -Arthropoidea (monkeys, apes man: nostrils open downward)

Before we leave this section on Evolution let me point out the obvious implication of the possible intelligence of the Cetaceans. Here are a class of animals which for at least 28 millions of years have had at their disposal a highly complex brain which in the case of the Bottlenose Dolphin is at least 30% greater in size and complexity than Modern Man. If this is stimulating consider the brain of the Sperm whale which is approximately 10,000 Grams in weight, highly complex and is at least seven and one half times larger and more complex than Man. As Marine Mammal Biologists argue that brain size may be a function of body size we will undertake further examination of this subject in the section on Intelligence. Let me now move into an area of speculation. Why did the animals of the Earth move to the Sea approximately 65 millions of years ago? Recent evidence in the field of Paleontology has shown that approximately 65 million years ago a vast meteor collided with the Earth with such force that it penetrated the crust of the planet and colossal amounts of material were forced into the atmosphere of the planet sufficient to cause the death of most plant life upon the surface of the planet. The land animals of the Earth could not survive on remaining flora and only those that could adapt to a new enjoinment close to or in the Sea were able to continue their existence. All of the Marine Mammals seen today were survivors of the holocaust that fell upon the Earth.

COMPARATIVE ANATOMY

Head and Neck
Upon examination of figures 1 and 2 it becomes quite apparent as to the similarities between Man and Dolphin. Both have a complex brain encased within a bony case, spinal cords, hard palate, tongue, nasopharyngeal sphincter or epiglottis, trachea, esophagus and air passages. In Man the air passages are two in number and are located on the anterior part of the head with the nostrils pointing downward, whereas, in the Dolphin the blowhole is located on the top of the head with a muscular sphincter and flap for closing off the blowhole when the Dolphin submerges. It should also be noted that Man's eyes are located on the front of the head giving him and effective range of vision of approximately 180 degrees.

The Dolphin's eyes are located on the sides of the head and give him an effective range of vision of approximately 320 degrees.

SKELETAL

As we move to the skeletal system of Man and Dolphin it should be noted from figures 3 and 4 the great similarity between the two species. Both species have the following structures: Scapula, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpus and Metacarpus. In the Dolphin these structures are seen as the lateral flippers whereas in Man this represents the shoulder, arm and hand assembly. From examination of the skeleton of a Dolphin there are seen five metacarpus which would imply that prior to the evolutionary changes in the last 65 millions of years the Dolphin probably had an opposed thumb.

Moving to the vertebral column we find that Man possesses a bony skull sitting atop a vertebral column composed of seven cervical vertebrae, twelve thoracic vertebrae, five lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx, pelvis and the lower extremities. In the Dolphin many changes were made in its structure when it adapted to the Sea. The skull sits atop seven cervical vertebrae, thirteen thoracic vertebrae, seventeen lumbar vertebrae and twenty seven caudal vertebrae. There is no pelvic structure or remnants therein. During defensive maneuvers the entire spine of the Dolphin becomes rigid and when the Dolphin rams its adversary the shock of the blow is thereby distributed throughout the skeletal system keeping it from harm. These skeletal differences can be appreciated by referring to figures 5 and 6.

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

As we move to the digestive system of Dolphin and Man you may refer to figures 7 and 8 which represent a graphic view of both systems. In both animals the system start out with an oral orifice and terminate with the anal sphincter. In Man the Esophagus empties into the Stomach where enzymes and acid mix with the food to begin digestion. From there it moves to the Duodenum where the Pancreatic and Bile ducts empty strong enzymes and digestive juices into same continuing the digestive process. From there it passes to the Pylorus, then to the small and large intestine (10 -15 feet of same) and finally discharged wastes leave the anal canal.

The Dolphin is classified as an Ungulate due to the configuration of its digestive system. From the esophagus the food travels to the Fore Stomach where it can be stored for some time or regurgitated at will, should digestion continue it passes to a spherical stomach similar to Man's where further digestive juices and acids are released, then on to the Pyloric stomach which is much more distended than in Man and finally through the Pyloric sphincter where Pancreatic and Bile ducts empty their powerful digestive enzymes and juices. From this point we empty into the Intestines which run only the length of the Dolphin(approximately 5 feet) terminating at the anal orifice from whence waste is discharged. This shortened intestinal tract is found in animals with the ability to digest their food source in short time due to their exceptionally strong enzymes and digestive juices. Normally this type of animal is an active carnivore with a rather high metabolic rate.

REPRODUCTION

FEMALE ANATOMY
Once again as in all advanced mammals we find great similarity in structure. In the human female we find the ovaries located to the side of the Fundic Uterus whose eggs are picked up by the Fallopian tubes and transported to the Uterus proper. More than one egg may develop at a time and multiple pregnancies may occur. At the distal end of the Uterus is the opening of the Uterus or Cervix which opens into the distal end of the Vaginal vault which of course exits through the vaginal slit located anteriorly to the anal slit. The normal gestation period for Human's is approximately nine months. The Dolphin’s Uterus is different in shape and is therefore called a Bi-Cornate Uterus. All of the other features of the female reproductive system is identical to Man's. The gestation period for a Dolphin is approximately one year and contrary to other Mammal deliveries the normal delivery pattern is tail first.Figures 9 and 10 clearly show the differences between these two species.

It should also be noted that during a Dolphin delivery there is what is termed CONTROLLED DELIVERY where there are three stages to delivery. First the tail is delivered and it unfurls in the salt water. At first the tail is so flexible it is useless to the infant, however, after a short time in the Sea the tail stiffens up and then the second phase of delivery is accomplished with the passable of the bulk of the body just past the lateral fins. Again the fins unfurl and become stiff prior to the final phase of delivery which is of course the blowhole and head of the infant Dolphin. At that moment a Dolphin mid-wife usually severs the cord with her teeth and both mother and mid-wife escort the new infant to the surface for its first breath of air. By allowing the fins and tail flukes to harden the infant immediately is capable of swimming in its new enjoinment.

MALE ANATOMY

Figures 11 and 12 show the major anatomical differences between Man and Dolphin. Basic structures are the same with the exception of the Penis. In Man the penis is normally non erect and through the filling of cavernous sinuses with blood, Penis erection occurs and intercourse is possible.

As climax is approached spermatozoa move through the Vas Deferens to the Prostate gland where it is mixed with Prostate fluid and then ejected through the Urethra into the Vaginal vault of the female. The Dolphin has a slightly different situation. The Penis in the Dolphin is always erect and is simply retracted into the body cavity or extended during copulation. This is considered necessary as copulation takes place underwater and the Dolphin has only approximately six minutes in which to complete the act so rapid deployment is a requirement.

SKIN

The skin of Cetaceans is an experience to behold for although it appears to be shiny and slippery it is in actuality a smooth rubbery surface. When the skin of a Cetacean is touched or stroked the sensitivity of the animal is apparent as one can feel the small movement of muscles beneath the smooth skin. There are no hair follicles on the surface of the skin which leads to its smooth texture. When the skin of a Cetacean is pierced with a sharp instrument, up to 4 mm or 1/6 of an inch, there is a small quantity of blood loss followed by a moderate blubber flow which congeals in the salt water. The nub of blubber extending above the skin is normally trimmed off by fish eating same, again leaving a smooth surface. Dolphins replace skin frequently thereby reducing fungal colonies on their exterior skin.
Another unique attribute of Cetacean skin is that as their speed underwater increases the highly sensitive skin begins to deform in such a manner as to reduce turbulent flow around the body thereby reducing drag. It is this ability that allows the Dolphin to achieve speeds up to 30 knots underwater. This ability to change turbulent flow to laminar flow has been investigated by the Navy and experimental rubber foam coverings to high speed attack submarines has led to higher speeds in same.
Man's skin is composed of several layers of epithelial cells interspersed with hair follicles. When punctured with a sharp object there is a loss of blood and tissue elements followed by the clotting of the blood which seals the puncture. Cell growth then continues eventually making the initial puncture invisible to the naked eye. Deformity of Man's skin is also noted in high wind or water shear but not in a manner as to reduce turbulent flow but instead actually increases same.

EYES

The eyes of both Man and Dolphin are indeed interesting subjects of discussion as we Humans depend so very much on our visual acuity to supply us with information regarding the world about us. The Cetaceans, although their visual acuity is even better than Man's, probably utilize their visual sense to a much lesser degree than do we to inform them about their surroundings. Refer to figures 13 and 14 for the anatomical differences between Man and Dolphin eyes.

Cetacean eyes are located to the side of the head and may act independently in viewing their surroundings. by being positioned in this manner it gives the Cetaceans approximately a 320 degree field of vision. The Cetacean eye is different in that they have a spherical lens with an ellipsoidal body which eliminates the distortion and magnification of underwater objects that Humans experience. It is of interest to note that the Dolphin sees just as well in air as he does in water.
Man's eye on the other hand has a lenticular lens in a spherical body. This allows him fine visual acuity in air but is a built in magnifier when used in the medium of water making objects appear larger. The positioning of both eyes on the front of the head reduces the visual field to approximately 180 degrees. Both eyes work with each other to give Man the quality of depth perception but also limits his viewing range. It might be interesting to speculate that if Man could use each eye independently he could focus upon one object with one eye while the other could roam about his environment.

COMMUNICATION

Communication of Cetaceans and Man are subjects that could fill volumes of their own accord, however, an attempt to keep it concise will be made here. The communication of Man is the simpler of the two so let us begin with him. Audible communication is the foremost method by which Man communicates with Man. Air is passed over the vocal cords located in the larynx and sounds are generated as the cords vibrate in the passing air. The muscular control of the tension on the vocal cords determine the pitch of the sound as well as the reverberation of that sound through the sinus and oral cavities. In Cetaceans we have two separate voice boxes located below the blowhole. Referring to figures 15 and 16 we see a graphic view of the specialized air passages beneath the blowhole of Cetaceans.

As the blowhole opens for breathing air passes through the air passages into the lungs. While the blowhole is open and, and air is forced out, whistling sounds can be made by muscular contractions of the opening of the blowhole. Take note their are three pairs of air sacs located beneath the blowhole which become inflated when the blowhole is closed and they can independently contract, forcing air through the openings, creating sounds even though the blowhole is closed. It has been stated that the Dolphin with its multiplicity of air sacs and individual control of same that he could communicate with two different Dolphins simultaneously. Since we do not as yet speak Delphinese it is difficult to accept this as a factual assumption. We are more than familiar with the sounds of Man, however, the sounds of Dolphins are described in various manners. Observers of Dolphins in either captivity or the wild have listed the following adjectives in trying to identify what the sounds of Dolphins are like: mewing rasping barking crackling clicking clacking yelping grunts chirps snorts blats squeaks sputtering wood pecking creaking door rusty hinge humanoid human-laughter clapping. This is quite a variety of descriptions when you consider that all of these sounds were made by one animal. My own personal experience with Dolphin sounds could be best described by clicking-grunts-creaking door-whistling. Whistling sounds are noted when the Dolphin has his head above the water line and is probably produced by the mechanism of forcing air through the partially closed blowhole. Underwater sounds of clicking, grunts and creaking door are probably as a result of the release of air from the air sacs.

EARS AND HEARING

Without ears to hear with sound is just a bunch of extraneous noise. In the case of Man and Dolphin there is significant differences. Starting with the similarities they both have a Cochlea (middle ear), ear ossicles (tiny bones for transmitting sound), auditory meatus (internal ear canal) and external meatus (outside opening). Only Man has a Pinna (external ear) to act as a sound funnel to channel air vibrations into the external ear canal (see figures 17 and 18)

The internal ear canal is approximately 6 mm in diameter and is filled only with air. Cerumen (wax) is secreted within the internal canal as it is a self cleaning organ. The Dolphin internal ear canal is only 0.5mm in diameter (12 times smaller than Man) and is always filled with cerumen. In both animals sound is transmitted to the ear ossicles which then transmit that sound to the cochlea (inner ear) where hair cells are moved by the vibrations and information is passed to the brain of both. In the case of Man the Cochlea is located directly in the Petrous bone of the skull and sound from either sound can affect both cochlea whereas in the Dolphin the Cochlea lie in foam filled cavities which isolates sound and allows them to have a greater sense of sound direction than in Man. This is important to the Dolphins as we will see that they rely on sound to tell them about their environment much more than sight.
We alluded to the fact that the internal ear canal is 12 times smaller in Dolphin than in Man but you must know that sounds underwater apply 60 times more pressure on the ear drum than in air. Based on this fact it becomes obvious that the Dolphin has a hearing acuity of at least five times Man. Continuing with this phase it should be also noted that sound travels through air at a speed of 1,100 ft/second (640 knots) and through water of 5,000 ft/second (2,900 knots) which means that sound travels through water 4 1/2 times faster.
The ears of Man are approximately 17 centimeters apart and have a wavelength of 2,000 cycles per second whereas the Dolphin ears are spaced 34 centimeters apart with a wavelength of 4,000 cycles per second. This relates to the frequency ranges that are easiest for us to hear in. Telephones for humans work best from 300 to 3,500 cycles and for a Dolphin 14,000 to 160,000 cycles per second. when you consider that the normal range of hearing for Humans is 20 to 10,000 cycles that of Dolphins is 400 to 200,000 cycles per second. Translated this means that mid range of hearing for Man is 4,900 cycles per second and in the Dolphin 120,000cycles per second. With this in mind it should be clear that our conversational speech is almost inaudible to the Dolphin whereas his mid range of speech is well beyond our range of hearing. From the standpoint of hearing we are probably only aware of low harmonics of what the Dolphins are truly utilizing for speech.
Work done by Dr. John Lilly has shown that the Dolphin can reproduce our vowel sounds but have little success at consonants. This would confirm that they hear our higher frequency sounds but are ignorant of the lower consonant sounds. To ask a Dolphin to learn the Human language based on his hearing of same would be a futile effort as he truly does not hear all we say. Conversely, should we try to learn Delphinese we have an even greater problem since we hear none of their possible communicative sounds with our hearing apparatus.
One group of Marine Mammal Biologists have surmised that different sounds are used by the Dolphin for different functions. They have shown that the low frequency sounds are primarily used for topographical viewing whereas the higher frequencies are used for communication. There is some speculation that the Dolphin can emit such a burst of sound, using the rostrum as an amplifier, that they may actually stun their prey with such sound bursts. It has also been stated that through the use of this Sonar that a Dolphin may actually be able to see within another of his kind and enclosed objects. Testing was performed by placing food within closed containers and then suspended in a pool where Dolphins were present. Consistently they chose to only be attracted to the container that held the food.

RESPIRATION

The breathing apparatus as it relates to Man and Dolphin are almost identical, yet, with different functions. Both are air breathers which take in atmospheric gas and the lungs exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. In the case of Man an average breath takes 1.5 seconds during which time he exhales 3-5 liters of gas and he can usually hold his breath for approximately two minutes. The Dolphin takes only 0.3 seconds for gas exchange and exhales 5-10 liters of gas and can hold his breath for six minutes or longer.
The most unique difference between the two species is that Man is an Involuntary breather, which means that if he is unconscious he continues to breathe, whereas the Dolphin is a Voluntary breather, meaning that he breathes only when he wants to. An unconscious Dolphin would die from asphyxiation because he could not voluntary breathe. This intimates that the Dolphin never truly sleeps in the sense that his brain must always be active enough to initiate breathing. The use of anesthetics on Dolphins is prohibited because of this function.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

In comparing Man and Dolphin as to the vascular system we find that they are quite similar in that they both have a four chambered heart, ascending Aorta, descending Aorta, abdominal Aorta and splitting in Man to the Femoral arteries while in Dolphins the split is in the Tail Flukes. At the upper end of Man the arterial branches supply the shoulders, arms, neck, head and brain which is the same as in the Dolphin.
Man perspires to cool his body whereas the Dolphin utilizes another system for cooling his body. As far as we know the Dolphin skin does not sweat however the problem for the Dolphin is to conserve heat and not lose it. Due to his cold water environment he retains heat by having a High Metabolic Rate and utilizing the blubber insulating layer to retain same. To cool the body heavy blood flows are diverted to the fins and flukes which are in constant contact with the cold waters of the Ocean.
An unusual feature of the Cetaceans is their ability to dive to great depths without developing the "BENDS". It has been found during dissection of Dolphins that there exist along the spine, vessels which connect the arterial system to the venous system. This system may activate under pressure stress, to control the pressure gradients within their bodies. The only other Mammal on Earth which demonstrates this type of vascular novelty is the Giraffe. It is also thought that it is seen here to control pressure surges of the Giraffe due to the very high neck, requiring great force from the heart to pump blood into the brain.

URINARY TRACT

Both Man and Dolphin posses a pair of kidneys whose function is to remove waste materials from the circulatory system and dispose of them through urination. In Man the kidneys have the typical "kidney" shape where the Dolphin has what is termed a lobular kidney.
Man has no problem securing water and has little problem when it comes to conservation but the Dolphin has the same problem as the Camel, little or no fresh water available. All of his fresh water comes from the tissue of the fish that he eats. To combat this fresh water problem the lobulated kidney is much more efficient utilizing the barest minimum of water to sweep the wastes from the kidney.
The Dolphin would have the same problem Man has with ingesting salt water which is extreme abdominal distress and possibly death. To reduce his intake of salt water during feeding he has a diaphragmatic closure at the base of his throat which acts as a "squeege" when he swallows fish thereby reducing the salt water intake.

INTELLIGENCE

Of all of the various subjects comparing other animals to Man, this subjects the most controversial. We must deal with several problems, of which Man's EGO is probably the hardest thing to overcome. Let us begin this section by discussing the Neuroanatomy of Man and Dolphin.
Neuroanatomy is precisely what is states it is - Anatomy of the Nervous System. To start off this section we must point out the general anatomy of the Brain and Nervous system. The Brain is composed of both gray and white matter and is broken down into several important sections. The Cerebral Hemispheres comprise the largest part of the brain followed by the Cerebellum and then the Brain Stem which leads to the Spinal Cord and finally to the Spinal Nerves.
The physical size of any given brain is not particularly important as the amount of gray matter is truly a measure of the capacity of the brain. Although the brain of a large Ape approximates the weight of Man's brain, there is only a small amount of gray matter compared to Man. The convolutions and fissures (folds and grooves) determine the amount of gray matter present and when we look at the brain of an Ape we see few convolutions and fissures indicating a minimal amount of gray matter whereas Man has many fissures and convolutions.
Although this speaks of a large capacity for intelligence there is a group of fibers, the Corpus Callosum, which connects each of the Cerebral Hemispheres to each other and this too is critical in evaluating the potential for intelligence.
As we compare Man to Dolphin we find that Man has a brain of 1,300 Grams with many convolutions, fissures and advanced Corpus Callosum. The Bottlenose Dolphin has a 1,700 Gram brain which has even more convolutions and fissures than Man in addition to a much more complex Corpus Callosum. Based on these figures it would appear that the Dolphin has approximately 30r. more capacity for intelligence than Man.
The first argument we will encounter with this statement is that their bodies are larger and therefore a larger brain is required to control same. My only answer to this is to look at one of the most successful species of animal upon the Earth which were the Dinosaurs. They not only survived for millions of years but did it with brains slightly larger than walnuts for body weights that would make us cringe. Whether you accept this secondary information as to a proof of any kind, I leave that to you.
A few interesting points not brought up before is that the Cetacean brain has an Auditory section within the brain of approximately 20 times greater than that of Man. This would go along with his use of audio frequencies to tell of his environment. The section of his brain dealing with taste and smell are quite small compared to Man indicating that Dolphins would make poor chefs by our standards. As to the rest of the major components of the Central Nervous System they are essentially the same.
How does one define Intelligence? Our first thought would be to offer up tests, both physical and mental, which would compare to known values, for Man. We might also give manual dexterity tests, which would work fine for creatures that posses an opposed thumb but how does that tell of us intelligence in a species without an opposed thumb. Without the opposed thumb the creature would fail all of our manual dexterity tests and we would have to classify them as idiots, at best. What can we do to truly identify what intelligence is and how can we go about recognizing it. Previous work done by Academicians and Scientists has proven to be ineffectual for measuring intelligence in any other species than Man. The modern view of identifying intelligence is the ability of the creature to communicate with its own kind, the amount of "play" that the species engages in and whether or not there are any discernable traits of a society.
Before we pursue this avenue of thought let me try to provoke some thinking on your part. Let us assume that DOG'S are an intelligent species. They have a language, they play and they have a loose society. If they were to attempt to classify whether Man was intelligent or not how could they do this? Assuming they are intelligent how could they be able to devise any testing program that is beyond their own capacity for intelligence. THEY COULD NOT I!! By the standards a dog might measure we would be truly an inferior creature. We can't smell as they do, we are slower than they, we don't hear as well as they do, we can't dig effectively, we are thin skinned and other than the fact that we are larger than them we don't seem to be able to hold a torch to them and they would probably classify us as very primitive creatures. What this points out is that regardless of our level of intelligence we have no way to truly measure the intelligence of another species, especially one which may be more intelligent that us.
From the prior example it can be seen that the measure of Intelligence is not only frustrating but highly subjective rather than objective. In our own species we do not measure intelligence, but only comparative studies based upon statistical information. In reality WE DO NOT MEASURE INTELLIGENCE !!
Medical studies have shown that the neurophysiological basis of "intelligence" is highly apropos for Humans. ie: In a Human being born with a brain size of only 850 Grams, but otherwise normal in complexity, can and will not be able to learn communication skills. They may learn some simple gestures to communicate their wants and needs but will not develop the highly sophisticated language of Man. Medical Science has shown that the bare minimum brain size for Man to be able to communicate is at least 900 Grams in weight. In all probability we can assume from this information that a minimal amount of gray matter is necessary to perform the complex function of language.
In the case of the Dolphins they have brains considerably larger than Man and have had these brains in excess of 28 millions of years. Not only do they far surpass the minimum amount of gray matter for complex communication but in fact almost double that amount. If we make the supposition that 900 Grams of gray matter are required to establish complex communication then the rest of the Brain must be available for higher functions. In the case of Man 30% of his brains weight is available for functions other than communication whereas in the Dolphin 47% of his brain weight is available for functions other than communication. Both of these examples hardly hold a candle to the Sperm Whale who has 91% of his brain weight available for dealing with information other than communication.
How can we begin to say that Cetaceans are creatures with the intelligence similar to that of a Dog when we may not be able to understand that their intelligence least as great as ours or possibly higher. I believe that the EGO of Man truly gets in his way when dealing with other possible intelligences. Even in our search for Extraterrestrial Intelligences we have made it quite clear that we expect them to use the same system of "physical laws" as we utilize otherwise they must not be Intelligent. Who is to say that our "Physical Laws" are 1. Universal 2. Correct 3. Understood.
Theoretical Physicists are constantly adjusting the "Laws of the Universe" to accommodate new information and data. It is of interest to note that even "Parapsychology" is now intertwined with the Laws of Physics. The Minkowski Light Cone Theory of the Universe is one such acceptable theory today and it not only plays down the Physical Laws put points out that information and data can be derived by means that cannot even exist in the four dimensional space time matrix of today’s Science. So, how are we to say that the "Laws" we hold in reverence today may all be repealed in another 50 -500 5,000 -or 50,000 years from now.

Quote from "Rationale" of New Frontiers Institute. "How are we willing to ignore the fact that there exist at least two species upon this planet that physiologically qualify not only as equals but superior to Man, and yet there is little attempt or funding available to establish communication with them. Are we so egotistical and vain as to ignore these two species, or are we to say "Let us get on with it" and truly accept the fact that we are not the only intelligent species in the UNIVERSE. . . SOLAR SYSTEM. . or even upon this GREEN PLANET EARTH."

CULTURE

Throughout this booklet there has been reference made to the similarities of-Man and Dolphin. Let us now move. into the area of major differences between the two.
While we were in the reproductive phase of Man and Dolphin we noted that Man executes what can be termed "Involuntary Delivery" of their infants with little to no control by the mother of same. The Dolphin differs in that it utilizes "Controlled Delivery" whereby three separate phases of delivery are critical and are always observed by another female Dolphin to inform the mother when the next phase of delivery should occur. At the end of delivery the mid-wife severs the umbilical cord and both mother and mid-wife take the infant to the surface so that the new infant can take its first breath.
Speaking of procreation perhaps we should look at the other differences that are so striking. The Dolphin culture has been upon this Earth for over 65 millions of years and yet there is no overpopulation problem. This has occurred even though the Dolphin has an unlimited food supply and no natural predators. In the case of Man he has reached. qui quite a state of overpopulation.
Biologists have stated that environmental balance with the land masses of the planet can support 100,000,000 Human Beings. Today there are 5,000,000.000 Humans, or 50 times more that the Biologists feel is equilibrium. As a result of overpopulation we have polluted our atmosphere, rivers, lakes, ground waters, soil and are now determined to destroy the Oceans also.
In the laboratory we have noted that the behavior of Man is similar to that of Mice. When given abundant food supplies the mice overpopulate their confined area and begin to show aggressive behavior, psychological depression and tremendous stress. We also see these reactions by Man in overcrowded cities throughout the World.
Some may take exception to the statement that Dolphins have no natural predators and immediately you conjure up visions of the Sharks of the Oceans devouring these seemingly helpless creatures. This is not so, many sightings have been made of male Dolphins attacking Sharks much greater in size and dispatching them with swift efficiency by ramming them slightly to the rear of the skull. Remember that the average Dolphin weighs approximately 750 pounds and can swim at speed of 30 knots. These factors combined with their ability to control the rigidity of their spines leads to terrific impact forces on their foes or enemies. Sharks have been known to attack and kill old, sick and infant Dolphins should they stray away from the protection of the pod.
The pod is the equivalent of a community unit in Mans world. It is made up of different numbers of Dolphins, of the same species, who swim and live together enjoying all the benefits and disadvantages to communal living. A nursery is set up in the pod where all infants and immature Dolphins reside when the pod is on the move. A similar section is set aside for the old and the females leaving the males to be the vanguard and rear guard of the moving pod.
This reminds me of a story I read involving Jacques Costeau aboard the Calypso. They had encountered a pod of Bottlenose Dolphins and attempted to catch some for study. The Calypso took up the rear position while two smaller boats flanked the Dolphin pod. To the observers on the deck of the Calypso it appeared that the capture procedure was working as planned. Unknown to them the females and old of the pod dove and struck off at a 90 degree angle to the pod and swam a great distance before surfacing again.
Meanwhile the remaining Dolphins began to surface at a much greater frequency giving the impression that the entire pod was still in front of the Calyopso. Moments later the youth of the pod moved out in the opposite direction and again the males increased their surfacings facings giving the illusion of the entire pod being intact. Finally after the old, females and young were at a safe distance the males dove and swam at full speed away from any type of capture techniques. Only the helicopter of the Calypso was able to observe these events and I find it hard to believe that these actions were undertaken by stupid creatures of the Sea. The precision and timing of their evasion plan was not only well conceived but well executed leaving Man holding an empty bag for his trouble.
As we stated earlier Psychologists have determined that the amount of play a species engages in is probably a better measure of intelligence. To elaborate on that theme we must state that other than Man the Dolphins engage in sex for the sheer pleasure of same and much more frequently than Man.
Dolphins in the wild have been observed encountering another pod of their species and both pods interact both socially and sexually. Could it be possible that this type of breeding activity maintains the Dolphin genetics strong, possibly. We also note that there appears to be no monogamous relationships within the pod until a female becomes impregnated. After fertilization the responsible male spends the entire pregnancy (one year) with the impregnated female and remains loyal to her. After delivery the relationship ends and both are free to establish new relationships.
During play activity, such as picking up a clam and dropping it, the object of play is the exclusive property of the Dolphin who found the object. No other Dolphin would think to infringe upon his play or his object. Once the object is abandoned then and only then another Dolphin may pick up the object and play with it.
This right of possession extends far beyond toys of play. An experiment involving food was performed by Dr. Lilly wherein three Dolphins shared a tank. Each Dolphin had its own colored pail for its personal food container. Trying to feed one of the other Dolphins out of the incorrect pail resulted in that Dolphin either totally ignoring same or in him butting the food to the appropriate Dolphin. Food was then supplied to the tank from only one pail for three days and only the Dolphin whose pail it was ate. On the third day the rightful owner of the food began dispensing same to the other two. Only then did they eat from his supply of food. Could you imagine what would have happened if there were three Humans put into that position.
We have touched on communication before but let me take this time to expand that into observation and speculation. Dr. Lilly had set up a complex maze for Dolphins to swim through and on an initial run through the Dolphin would take approximately 20 minutes to swim through it. After learning the maze he could traverse same in about three minutes. The experienced Dolphin was then placed in a tank with an ignorant Dolphin for a time period and then the new Dolphin was introduced to the maze. To everyone’s astonishment the new Dolphin could traverse the maze in about three minutes just as the prior Dolphin had done. The only conclusion that could be made is that the experienced Dolphin had communicated the maze experience in such detail that the new Dolphin had no trouble in finding his way. Again, how do you think Man's communication to another of his kind would have worked out for solving a complex maze.
Communication appears to be the corner stone for knowledge and we believe that the Cetaceans do not utilize audible communication as it is slow and inefficient. Dr. John Lilly speaks of "MIND-MIND" communication, Mr. Frank Robson of New Zealand has spent most of his life utilizing "TELEPATHY" to communicate with Cetaceans and research teams of New Frontiers Institute have done much work with Interspecies Communication utilizing Telepathic formats.
New Frontiers Institute Inc. has worked with Dolphins in both captivity and the wild for approximately 10 years with exciting results. With captive Dolphins successful communication on the order of 85% was achieved. Similar results were obtained with Dolphins in the wild. A great deal of time and effort has gone into the discovery and the nature of Telepathy and if it even exists. Science has attempted to correlate brain wave activity with communication and can only state that when communication is active there are brain wave patterns that are not decipherable.
Experimental work performed at Systron Donner by New Frontiers Institute has shown that during "Telepathic" communication there are recordable electromagnetic waveforms present. It was also noted that these waveforms could pass through the walls of a "class A" Faraday cage. The conclusion surmised by this data is that Telepathic communication is not a presently measurable phenomenon but does exist. As in the case of brain wave activity during communication, we feel that the measurable information is like the wake of a ship. From the wake you can determine speed, weight length and displacement, but, there is no information about what is happening inside the ship itself.
Further information regarding INTERSPECIES COMMUNICATION and GENERAL PARAPSYCHOLOGY are also offered by New Frontiers Institute, Inc. located at 5830 Highway 96, Yreka, California 530 475-3212 Further items available from New Frontiers are: "The Dolphin Experience" a 116 page book with photos of Dolphin research work cost $7.00 includes shipping.
"In Quest of Hope" a 58 minute videocassette based on Dolphin field research work and extended Dolphin information. $85.00 includes shipping.
"Interspecies Communication" 24 page booklet recounting the captive Dolphin Telepathic communication work. cost $4.00 includes shipping.
"Man, Space, Time and Beyond" a 36 page booklet which is a copyrighted lecture of Dr. Richard Gierak on the subject of Parapsychology. cost $5.00 includes shipping. "In Quest of the Superconsciousness" a 24 page booklet dealing with the question of Philosophy which is copyrighted by Dr. Richard Gierak. cost $4.00 includes shipping. Make all checks out to New Frontiers Institute, Inc. Remember these donations are tax deductible.

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