Currently, the lexicon below lists 12258 stems as derived from 681 roots (see Sections 2.2, 2.4, and 10.1.1 for an explanation of the structure of individual roots and their 18 stems). This represents only a random sampling from the 10 different morpho-semantic classes of Ilaksh roots (see Sec. 10.2 for an explanation of these classes). Additional roots and their stems will be periodically added to this list as the author finds time to convert his handwritten notes.
The reader should be aware that the glosses (i.e., the English translations or definitions) for each of the stems below are at times somewhat arbitrary, as Ilaksh roots and their stems have been conceptualized from the cognitive level up, without regard as to whether they correspond necessarily to an existing word or phrase in English or other languages. As a result, some of the English glosses chosen as representations for the Ilaksh stems are approximations at best. This is especially true for verbal glosses, since the translation of an Ilaksh verbal formative is usually dependent on the specific Function and Format (see Sections 6.4 and 6.5).
Ideally, the best way to represent the meanings of Ilaksh stems would be to use a semantic “meta-language” comprised of a closed set of semantically universal (or near-universal) “primitives” to create semantic “formulas” which define the use of a particular stem. (The design and use of such a meta-language to translate the meanings of words from one language to another can be found in the writings of linguist Anna Wierzbicka.) However, the author has chosen not to pursue such an effort for the sake of time, as such an analysis for all of the 3600 roots and their 64,800 stems would likely take decades to complete.
In regard to the list below, note that in some cases both a nominal (i.e., noun) and verbal gloss have been provided, while in others only one or the other is present. Nevertheless, the reader should keep in mind at all times that Ilaksh stems always convey both a nominal and verbal meaning, as explained in detail in Section 2.6.1.
CLASS I ROOTS: Organic life, matter, organic taxonomies
BÀ - ‘BODILY JOINT’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. bodily joint (physical joint + function); flex joint |
1. specialized bodily joint/juncture |
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2. ball & socket-type bodily joint |
2. vertebra |
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3. standard-type joint |
3. wrist/ankle/waist (lateral circular joint type) |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to external hard or knob-like external body part |
Same as above 3 stems referring to internal joint and its function/process |
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
hip/flex hip, shoulder, flex shoulder
finger joint, toe joint, knee, elbow
spinal column; flex spine
wrist, ankle waist
ČÀ- ‘HEAR(ING)/SOUND’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. hear a sound; aural faculty + sound heard; an act of hearing a sound |
1. listen to a (specific) sound / discern aurally a (specific) sound |
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2. ear (aural organ + physical part of body, i.e., Spanish oído + oreja) |
2. aural instrument / device for detecting sound waves + sound detected |
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3. imagine a sound (act + sound) |
3. create or manufacture an odor + odor created |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. to hear; aural faculty |
1. sound |
1. listen |
1. (selected) sound |
2. ear (aural organ) |
2. ear (body part) |
2. aural instrument |
2. sound detected via aural instrument |
3. imagine a sound / hear in one’s mind |
3. imagined sound |
3. create or manufacture a sound |
3. sound created |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: speaker, megaphone, telephone, stereo, microphone, hearing aid
DÀ- ‘TYPES OF HARD OR NON-LIVING BODILY TISSUES’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. tooth |
1. head hair |
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2. fingernail/toenail/claw |
2. whisker / facial hair |
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3. hard growth of skin (e.g., wart, corn, callus, bunion, scar) |
3. pubic/armpit hair |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact |
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical tissue itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose, or effect/impact |
Morphological derivative from FORMAL Stem 1: bald
SSD Derivatives for FORMAL Stem 2: mustache, beard, sideburn
SSD Derivatives for INFORMAL Stem 1: incisor, fang, bicuspid, molar
SSD Derivatives for INFORMSL Stem 3;: wart, corn, callus, bunion, scar
DÈ- ‘HAND’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. hand (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function] |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “hand” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc. |
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2. hand (as holder, grasper, striker) [both physical body part and function]; to grasp-->hold |
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3. leg (as manipulator, handler, feeler) [both physical body part and function] |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. hand as physical body part |
1. function of hand as “feeler”- focuser of body’s tactile sense |
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2. hand as main tool of body |
2. function of hand as holder/grasper |
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3. hand as limb/extension |
3. function of hand as manipulator/handler |
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SSD derivatives: 1) fist 2) palm 3) knuckle 4) hand as flat “blade”, e.g., for karate chop 5) finger 6) thumb 7) “butt” of hand [=lower part of palm] 8) fingernail 9) bottom side of fist [as when pounding fist onto table; for individual fingers, use following affixes + SSD/5 for ‘finger’: index = “main finger” or “first finger”, middle finger = “mid-finger” or “long finger” or “2nd finger”, ring finger = “3rd finger”, pinkie = 4th finger or small(est) finger
DYÙ- ‘SENSE/SENSATION’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. sense/sensation, “feel” / “feeling” [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself]; an act of sensing something |
1. examine via the senses [both act and result/outcome] |
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2. sensor / sensory organ [function + sensor itself] |
2. sensor(y) device/instrument [both use and device itself] |
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3. imagine a sensation or feeling / imagined sensation or feeling [faculty/act of sensing + sensation itself] |
3. create/induce a sensory experience [both act and result/outcome] |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. to sense / act of sensing |
1. a sensation, a feeling |
1. examine via the senses [the act thereof] |
1. resulting evidence of senses |
2. sense faculty/ability |
2. sensor(y) organ |
2. sensor(y) device/instrument [the use thereof] |
2. sensor(y) device or instrument [the device/instrument itself] |
3. imagine a sensation/feeling |
3. a mentally imagined sensation |
3. create a sensory experience or feeling [the act thereof] |
3. sensation/feeling as externally created/induced |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: perceive, detect, perception
ĐÀ - ‘GENDER’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. gender |
1. psycho-sexual identity |
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2. neuter |
2. asexual / psychologically neuter |
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3. androgynous |
3. sexual preference/orientation |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. male (anatomically) |
1. female (anatomically) |
1. masculine (psycho-behaviorally) |
1. feminine (psycho-behaviorally) |
2. sterile (incapable of procreation) |
2. genderless (neither male nor female anatomically) |
2. celibate/chaste |
2. asexual; devoid of sexual desire |
3. androgyne / androgynous (difficultyfor others to determine gender) |
3. hermophrodite / hermophroditic (anatomically both male & female) |
3. sexual preference or orientation psychologically |
3. sexual orientation in actuality (as manifested) |
SSD Derivatives for Formal Stem 3: homosexual, bisexual, heterosexual, bisexual with preference for heterosexuality, bisexual with preference for homosexuality, homosexual with preference for functioning in male role, homosexual with preference for functioning in female role
DLÀ - ‘PREGNANCY/GESTATION’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. pregnancy/gestation |
Same as INFORMAL stems but referring exclusively to human pregnancy/gestation |
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2. manifestation of morning sickness |
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3. contraction during labor |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical condition/state |
Same as above 3 stems referring to psycho-physiological effect/impact |
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Morphological Derivatives: conception, labor, birth/delivery
FÀ- ‘BODY PART’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. body part/component (e.g., appendage, section, organ, gland, tissue, fluid, etc.) |
1. bodily tissue/flesh/sinew |
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2. bodily organ |
2. secondary organ/gland |
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3. bone |
3. bodily fluid/secretion |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function |
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function |
MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: body, corpse
SSD Affix with Informal Stem 3: 1) spine 2) rib 3) skull 4) limb bone (tibia, femur, ulna, etc.) 5) bone of hand/foot 6) “shield” bone (e.g., patella, shoulder blade) 7) hipbone
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 1: 1) membrane 2) tendon 3) ligament 4) nerve 5) muscle 6) skin/integument 7) sphincter/valve 8) marrow 9) fat/gristle
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 2: 1) gonad 2) esophagus 3) adrenal gland 4) bowel/intestine 5) brain 6) lung 7) kidney 8)
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 3: 1) tear 2) bile 3) semen 4) pus 5) blood 6) mucus/mucal secretion 7) saliva 8) lymph 9) sweat/perspiratioin
FÙ ‘COUSIN’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. cousin [male or female] |
1. step-cousin [male or female] |
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2. male cousin |
2. male step-cousin |
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3. female cousin |
3. female step-cousin |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s mother] |
1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s father] |
1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepmother] |
1. cousin [male or female – related through one’s stepfather] |
2. male cousin [related through one’s mother] |
2. male cousin [related through one’s father] |
2. male cousin [related through one’s stepmother] |
2. male cousin [related through one’s stepfather] |
3. female cousin [related through one’s mother] |
3. female cousin [related through one’s father] |
3. female cousin [related through one’s stepmother] |
3. female cousin [related through one’s stepfather] |
GÀ- ‘ABDOMEN/THORAX/TORSO/CHEST’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. thorax/torso [both body part and function] |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “mid-section” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc. |
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2. abdomen/midsection (lower front half of torso) [both body part and function] |
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3. chest (upper front of torso) [both body part and function) |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function |
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NOTE: Due to the bilateral symmetry of this body part, the above stems are often used in the DUPLEX configuration, the UNIPLEX form referring only to one side of the bodily part or the other.
GLÀ - ‘NECK’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. neck (as gestalt entity) [body part + function] |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “neck” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, complex 3-dimensional form, plant, etc. |
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2. neck (as bodily support/swivel point for head) [body part + function |
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3. neck (as narrowest, most vulnerable body part) [body part + function] |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. neck as physical body part |
1. neck as functional body part |
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2. neck as bodily support/swivel point for head |
2. neck as functional support/swivel point for head |
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3. neck as physically narrowest, most vulnerable body part) |
3. neck as functionally narrowest, most vulnerable body part |
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MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: nape, throat (i.e., front part of neck)
GÙ- ‘STATE OF HEALTH/ILLNESS/WELL-BEING’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. state of physical health / physical well-being |
1. state of mental health / mental well-being |
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2. physical illness; sick(ness) |
2. mental illness |
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3. physical injury/wound/lesion/trauma |
3. mental trauma |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect |
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause |
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on effect |
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on cause |
SSD affix used with Stem 2 of both INFORMAL and FORMAL stem in conjunction w/ the AGC2/7 affix give: 1) nurse 2) emergency technician 3) therapist 4) caregiver 5) doctor 6) surgeon 7) healer 8) “medicine man” 9) medical assistant
Derivations: madness, craziness, insanity
GYÀ - ‘MISCELLANEOUS BODY PARTS’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. buttock |
1. haunch |
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2. breast/teat |
2. snout/proboscis |
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3. navel |
3. fin |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect |
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function, purpose or impact/effect |
GYÙ- ‘SPECIALIZED VOLITIONAL BODILY SOUNDS’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. non-linguistic sound made by mouth (i.e., tongue, teeth, lips) |
1. consonant |
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2. non-linguistic sound made from throat or vocal chords |
2. vowel |
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3. sound made by non-oral, non-vocal part of the body |
3. phoneme |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound |
Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to act of producing the sound |
Same as above 3 stems referring to the sound itself |
SSD Derivations from Informal Stem 1: 1) whistle 2) hum 3) “raspberry” 4) hoot/whoop 5) non-avian animal call 6) bird call 7) scream 8) click-sound (i.e., w/ ingressive airstream) 9) non-phonemic consonantal gibberish sound
SSD Derivations from Informal Stem 3: 1) slap 2) rubbing sound 3) footfall (--> stomp) 4) snap of fingers 5) finger tap 6) toe/foot tap 7) suction-based sound (e.g., “armpit fart”) 8) knuckle crack 9) other joint cracking
JÀ- ‘BACK/DORSAL AREA OF BODY’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. back/dorsal area (both body part and function) |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to the dorsal area of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc. |
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2. lower back/dorsal area (both body part and function) |
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3. upper back & shoulder blade area |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function |
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NOTE: Due to the bilateral symmetry of this body part, the above stems are often used in the DUPLEX configuration, the UNIPLEX form referring only to one side of the bodily part or the other.
JÈ- ‘IN-LAW/FOSTER RELATIONS’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. member of parent/child in-law relationship |
1. member of foster family |
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2. male member of parent/child in-law relationship |
2. male member of foster family |
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3. female member of parent/child in-law relationship |
3. female member of foster family |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. parent in-law |
1. child in-law |
1. foster parent |
1. foster child |
2. father in-law |
2. son in-law |
2. foster father |
2. foster son |
3. mother in-law |
3. daughter in-law |
3. foster mother |
3. foster daughter |
KÀ- ‘HIGHER ORDER ANIMAL LIFE’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. higher order being (i.e., large bilateral vertebrate with discrete organs) |
1. authorized or officially designated person or animal/beast |
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2. human, person |
2. official, authorized person |
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3. non-human higher order being or animal, beast |
3. pet or zoo animal/beast |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. male higher order being |
1. female higher order being |
1. authorized male animal/ or officially designated man or beast |
1. authorized or officially designated woman or female animal/ beast |
2. human male, man |
2. human female, woman |
2. official, authorized man |
2. official, authorized woman |
3. male higher order animal or beast |
3. female higher order animal or beast |
3. male pet or zoo animal/beast |
3. female pet or zoo animal/beast |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: boy, girl, child [developmentally, not as offspring], population, group of people, crowd, mob, assembly, people, masses, elder, crone, adult, youth, adulthood, fetus, adolescent, zoo
KMÈ- ‘NUCLEAR FAMILY MEMBER’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. nuclear family member |
1. non-sanguine family member |
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2. male family member |
2. non-sanguine male family member |
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3. female family member |
3. non-sanguine female family member |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. parent |
1. child/offspring |
1. step-parent |
1. step-child |
2. father |
2. boy child / son |
2. step-father |
2. step-son |
3. mother |
3. girl child / daughter |
3. step-mother |
3. step-daughter |
KMÙ- ‘LOWER ORDER LIFE FORM’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. lower-order life form (i.e. non-vertebrate) |
same as INFORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.) |
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2. microbe |
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3. non-microbial animal |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. bacterium |
1. soft-bodied animal (e.g., jellyfish, sponge, slime mold) |
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2. virus |
2. exoskeletal animal (e.g., insect, arthropod, crustacean) |
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3. protist |
3. endoskeletal animal |
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KYÀ- ‘BREATHE/RESPIRATION’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. respire/inhale or exhale; a breath |
1. inflate (w/ air) |
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2. yawn |
2. blow (passage of air under pressure through narrow opening) |
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3. pump (by air) |
3. suck/suckle/siphon |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to gaseous compound itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to effect/impact |
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: breathe, pant, gasp, suffocate, suffocation, asphyxiate, asphyxiation, drown
LÙ ‘SIBLING’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. sibling |
1. step-sibling |
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2. brother |
2. step-brother |
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3. sister |
3. step-sister |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. half-sibling [shared mother] |
1. half-sibling [shared father] |
1. step-sibling [stepmother is mother of other sibling] |
1. step-sibling [stepfather is father of other sibling] |
2. half-brother [shared mother] |
2. half-brother [shared father] |
2. step-brother [stepmother is mother of other sibling] |
2. step-brother [stepfather is father of other sibling] |
3. half-sister [shared mother] |
3. half-sister [shared father] |
3. step-sister [stepmother is mother of other sibling] |
3. step-sister [stepfather is father of other sibling] |
MÈ-‘CLASSES OF ANIMAL’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. animal of land or air (i.e., “terroid”) |
Same as INFORMAL holistic stems but domesticated, tamed, captive, or bred |
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2. waterlife (i.e., “aquoid”) |
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3. amphibian |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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same as above 3 stems but domesticable |
same as above 3 stems but undomesticable |
same as above FORMAL stems but as pets or tamed |
same as above FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, breeding stock, etc.) |
MLÙ- ‘CLASSES OF WATERLIFE’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. skeletal/vertebral waterlife form |
Same as INFORMAL holistic stems referring to tamed, domesticated, bred, etc. individual |
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2. exoskeletal/arthropod form |
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3. soft-bodied waterlife form |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. jellyfish-like lifeform |
1. gilled/finned fish |
Same INFORMAL complementary stems referring to tamed, pet, domesticated, bred, etc. individual |
2. crustacean |
2. “non-standard”-shaped fish (e.g., ray, eel, squid, octopus, etc.) |
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3. shellfish |
3. sea mammal (e.g., whale, seal, walrus, etc.) |
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MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS: fisherman, whale hunter, aquarium, fishery, fish hatchery
NÈ - ‘SENSE OF TASTE / THE TASTE OF SOMETHING’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. to taste a taste (taste faculty + flavor tasted) |
1. to taste for an anticipated/expected flavor |
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2. tongue/palate (tissue containing taste buds + taste buds themselves) |
2. instrument/device for detecting flavor + flavor detected |
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3. imagine a taste (act + the flavor imagined) |
3. create/manufacture a flavor + flavor created |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. to taste; faculty of taste |
1. flavor |
1. to taste |
1. |
2. tongue/palate (as sensory organs of tasting) |
2. taste bud |
2. instrument for detecting flavor |
2. flavor detected via instrument |
3. imagine a taste in one’s mind |
3. an imagined taste |
3. create/manufacture a flavor |
3. flavor created |
MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: tasty, savory, flavorful
SSD Derivatives: 1) bitter 2) chemical-like taste 3) salty 4) foul/rancid taste 5) sweet 6) sweet & sour 7) sour 8) hot (spicy) 9) umami
PLÀ - ‘GASTRO-INTESTINAL/UROLOGICAL COMPONENT’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. gastrointestinal component (body part + function) |
1. urological component (body part + function) |
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2. gastrointestinal process / digestive process / digest(ion) (physical process + nutritive function |
2. urological process (physical process + waste elimination function) |
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3. (amount/piece of) feces, dung, excrement |
3. (an amount of) urine, piss, pee |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part/process itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose |
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function |
MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: gastrointestinal tract
SSD Affix with Informal Stem 1: esophagus, stomach, guts/viscera/intestine, jejenum, ilium, colon, rectum, small intestine/bowel, anus
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 1: kidney, ureter, adrenal gland, bladder, urethra
PŠÙ- ‘RESPIRATORY PAROXYSM’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act + sound] |
FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that the act/sound is deliberate (i.e., volitional) |
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2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act + sound] |
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3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act + sound] |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [act] |
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) cough [sound] |
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2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [act] |
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) sneeze [sound] |
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3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [act] |
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) hiccough [sound] |
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Morphological derivations: clear throat, harrumph, hacking cough, cough up
PYÀ - ‘DEGREE OF BODILY SLENDERNESS/FATNESS’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. degree of slenderness/fatness |
same as INFORMAL stems except that degree of particular quality/property is unusual, abnormal, unexpected, or has been changed from expected norm |
|
2. decrease in degree of slenderness/fatness; lose weight; become thin(ner); slenderize |
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3. increase in degree of slenderness/fatness; gain weight; become fat(ter); fatten up |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring specifically to physical size/girth/volume |
Same as above 3 stems referring to psycho-physiological effect/impact |
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The stems of this root are commonly used with the SUF, EXD, FLC, PTW and Intensity affixes.
MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: skinny, rail-thin, obese, plump
RÀ-‘NUTRITION / NUTRITIONAL CONSUMPTION’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. food and drink; to eat and drink |
1. eat a serving of food or drink; to dine |
||
2. food; to eat |
2. prepared/cooked food; to eat prepared food |
||
3. drink (i.e., substance drunk); to drink |
3. processed drink or spirits; to drink processed drink or spirits |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. eat and drink as biological process |
1. food and drink (substances consumed) |
same as abvoe 3 stems but with focus on the process of consumption |
same as above 3 stems but with focus on the items consumed |
2. eat/ingest/consume |
2. item of solid food |
||
3. drink/imbibe |
3. liquid (to be) drunk |
||
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: cooking, meal, repast, feast, become drunk, gorge(d); chef, cook, brewer
RÈ- ‘COLLATERAL FAMILY MEMBER/RELATIVE’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. paternal collateral relative |
1. maternal collateral relative |
||
2. paternal male collateral relative |
2. maternal male collateral relative |
||
3. paternal female collateral relative |
3. maternal female collateral relative |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. paternal aunt/uncle |
1. paternal aunt/uncle |
1. maternal nephew/neice |
1. maternal aunt/uncle |
2. paternal uncle |
2. paternal uncle |
2. maternal nephew |
2. maternal uncle |
3. paternal aunt |
3. paternal aunt |
3. maternal neice |
3. maternal aunt |
SÀ ‘PLANT TYPES’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. branched/leaved plant including its fruit or flower |
same as FORMAL stems but as resource (i.e., food, fuel, material, etc.) |
|
2. grass-like or stalked plant including its seed or grain |
||
3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold including its spore or cyst |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. branched/leaved plant |
1. flower, fruit, or blossom of branched/leaved plant |
|
2. grass-like or stalked plant |
2. seed, grain, or kernel of grass-like or stalked plant |
|
3. moss-like or fungal plant or mold |
3. spore or cyst of moss-like or fungal plant or mold |
|
SSD for Stem 2: 1) grass 2) ground-covering plant 3) clover 4) weed 5) wildgrass
SSD for Stem 3: 1) lichen 2) mushroom 3) mold 4) slime mold 5) moss 6) non-mushroom fungus
ŠÀ- ‘SOIL/GROUND/DIRT (MIXED ORGANIC + MINERAL)’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. dirt/ground/soil [=substance + function as substrate/firmament] |
1. peat |
||
2. mud |
2. dirt(y)/filth(y) [= soiled, unclean] |
||
3. ground cover [organic-based, e.g., carpet of leaves] |
3. mulch/compost/fertilizer |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself |
same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament |
same as above 3 stems referring to substance itself |
same as above 3 stems referring to function as substrate/firmament |
ŠÈ- ‘NON-SANGUINE RELATION’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. member of godparent-godchild relationship |
1. adoptive family member |
||
2. male member of godparent-godchild relationship |
2. male adoptive family member |
||
3. female member of godparent-godchild relationship |
3. female adoptive family member |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. godparent |
1. godchild |
1. adoptive parent |
1. adopted child |
2. godfather |
2. godson |
2. adoptive father |
2. adopted son |
3. godmother |
3. goddaughter |
3. adoptive mother |
3. adopted daughter |
TÀ- ‘ALIVE/LIVING THING/LIVING BEING’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. living thing; be alive / to live |
1. domesticated or civilized being |
||
2. [wild] animal (all orders) |
2. domesticated animal |
||
3. [wild] plant (all orders) |
3. cultivated plant |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. male being |
1. female being |
1. domesticated or civilized male being |
1. domesticated or civilized female being |
2. male [wild] animal |
2. female [wild] animal |
2. male [domesticated] animal |
2. female [domesticated] animal |
3. male [wild] plant |
3. female [wild] plant |
3. male [cultivated] plant |
3. female [cultivated] plant |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: life, vegetation, flora, fauna, wildlife; farm, farmer, breeder, livestock
ŢÀ- ‘SMELL/ODOR’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. to smell (= use olfactory sense) + odor smelled; an act of smelling a smell or odor |
1. examine or inspect via smelling + odor smelled |
||
2. nose (olfactory organ + facial proboscis) |
2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument + odor detected |
||
3. imagine a smell (act + imagined odor) |
3. create or manufacture an odor + odor created |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. to smell (= use olfactory sense) |
1. an odor, a smell; to give off an odor |
1. examine or inspect via smelling |
1. odor detected via inspection or examination |
2. nose (= olfactory organ) |
2. nose (= facial proboscis) |
2. device used to detect presence of odor or gas / olfactory instrument |
2. odor detected via olfactory instrument |
3. imagine an odor |
3. an imagined odor |
3. create or manufacture an odor |
3. manufactured odor |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: sniff, aroma, “bouquet”, perfume, stench
TLÀ - ‘COMPONENT OF BODY’S RESPIRATORY/CARDIO-VASCULATORY SYSTEM |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. heart |
1. lung |
||
2. vascular component |
2. component of respiratory system |
||
3. (an amount of) blood |
3. oxygen |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
SSD Affix with Informal Stem 1: ventricle, atrium, vein, coronary artery, capillary,
SSD Affix with Informal Stem 2: blood vessel, vein, artery, capillary, aorta, vena cava
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 1: bronchus, bronchiolus, alveolar sac
SSD Affix with Formal Stem 21: nasal cavity, trachea
TMÙ- ‘PLEASURE-BASED VOCALIZATION’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. sigh (affective/non-volitional) |
Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to deliberate (i.e., volitional) vocalizations |
|
2. squeal/groan/moan (affective/non-volitional) |
||
3. gasp (affective/non-volitional) |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental pleasure or satisfaction |
Same as above 3 stems as triggered by physical or mental distress, pain, torment, or dissatisfaction |
|
SSD DERIVATIONS: cry, sob, howl, whimper, murmur
OTHER MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIONS: weep
VYÙ - ‘FOOD PLANT’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. plant grown/harvested/cultured as food source |
1. food dish/serving derived from plant |
||
2. vegetable |
2. food dish/serving derived from vegetable |
||
3. fruit |
3. food dish/serving derived from fruit |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
Same as above 3 stems referring to plant itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to edible part of plant or plant in edible condition following any necessary processing |
Same as above 3 stems referring to serving/dish itself |
Same as above 3 stems referring to consumption/ingestion of the dish |
SSD Derivatives for INFORMAL stems: stem, leaf, seed/nut, pod/fruit, flower, juice, sap, rhizome, root/tuber
SSD Derivatives for FORMAL stems: soup, stew, salad, sauteed, deep-fried, boiled, steamed, baked, fancy/other style of preparation
XÀ- ‘VISION/SIGHT’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. to sight (see + thing seen); an act of seeing something |
1. observe / visually examine + thing seen |
||
2. eye (functional organ + visible facial feature) |
2. optical instrument + image |
||
3. visualize / imagine / picture a visual image in one’s mind + image |
3. create image / render an image |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. see; an act of seeing |
1. a sight / image; to project an image |
1. visually examine / observe |
1. thing observed / visual evidence |
2. eye (functional organ) |
2. eye (visible facial feature) |
2. optical instrument |
2. thing observed via optical instrument |
3. visualize / envision; act of visualization |
3. an image / a vision (in one’s mind) |
3. create image |
3. image created |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: faculty of sight, look (at), view, glimpse, glance, ogle, gawk, stare, spy, espy, peep, voyeur, panorama, scrutinize (visually), camera, telescope, microscope, binoculars, magnifying glass, lens, glasses
XÈ- ‘ARM’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. arm (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function] |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc. |
|
2. arm (as holder, support, carrier) [both body part and function] |
||
3. arm (as protective extension of body) [both body part and function] |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. arm as single body part |
1. arm as reacher or manipulator |
|
2. arm as limb (focus on part/whole relation to body) |
2. arm as holder/carrier |
|
3. arm as extension of body |
3. arm as natural protective/defensive implement of body |
|
XRÙ - ‘GASTRONOMIC PAROXYSM’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [act + sound] |
FORMAL Stems for this root have the same meanings as INFORMAL stems except that the act/sound is deliberate (i.e., volitional) |
|
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [act + sound] |
||
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [act + sound] |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [act] |
1. affective (i.e., unwilled) burp/belch [sound] |
|
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [act] |
2. affective (i.e., unwilled) vomiting [sound] |
|
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [act] |
3. affective (i.e., unwilled) fart [sound] |
|
ZÀ - ‘THROAT (interior tract of neck)/GULLET’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. throat (= interior respiratory/digestive tract of neck) |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “throat/gullet” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, complex 3-dimensional form, plant, etc. |
|
2. gullet (= tube- or trumpet-shaped digestive conduit from oral cavity) |
||
3. interior chamber of throat (containing pharynx, larynx, plus epiglottal and glottal structures) |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body part |
Same as above 3 stems referring to function |
|
SSD derivatives: pharynx, larynx, syrinx, epiglottis, glottis, trachea/windpipe, vocal fold/chord, hyoid bone / “Adam’s apple”
ZÈ- ‘MOUTH/ORAL’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. mouth [= oral orifice] |
Same as INFORMAL Stems but for non-animal entity or figuratively |
|
2. lip [use of DPX = lips] |
||
3. interior of mouth/oral cavity |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on bodily location/physical aspect |
Same as above 3 stems but w/ focus on purpose, use, function |
|
ZÙ- ‘TRAGICOMIC-BASED VOCAL/FACIAL GESTURE’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. mouth gesture |
Same as INFORMAL stems but referring to deliberate (i.e., volitional) gestures/vocalizations (INFORMAL stems are affective/non-volitional) |
|
2. vocalization |
||
3. facial expression |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. smile |
1. frown |
|
2. laugh |
2. whine, moan |
|
3. “light up” (referring to one’s face’) |
3. crestfallen look, look of dejection |
|
SSD DERIVATIONS: scowl
ŻÀ- ‘HEAD’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. head (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function] |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc. |
|
2. head (as seat of brain/mind) [both body part and function] |
||
3. head (as entity’s primary “interface” area of body) |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. head as physical body part |
1. head as functional body part |
|
2. head as physical seat of brain/mind |
2. head as functional seat of brain/mind |
|
3. head as “top” or “forward” part or “access” point |
3. head as vital seat of identity |
|
SSD = parts of head 1) cheek 2) chin 3) upper lip [plane between mouth and nose] 4) forehead 5) temple 6) crown of head 6) occipital area [back of head] 7) socket area around eye 8) upper part of back of head 9) cheekbone
ŽÀ - ‘COMPONENT OF NERVOUS SYSTEM’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. component of CNS |
1. brain |
||
2. CNS- eurological process |
2. spinal cord |
||
3. component of peripheral nervous system |
3. nerve |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
Same as above 3 stems |
sympathetic nerve, parasympathetic nerve, vegus nerve
neuron, neuron firing, synapse, synaptic uptake, axon, dendrite, glial cell-->blood-brain barrier
ŽÈ- ‘LEG’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. leg (as gestalt entity) [both physical body part and function] |
FORMAL stems are the same as INFORMAL stems but applied to “arm” of a non-animal entity, e.g., a mechanical device, vehicle, plant, etc. |
|
2. leg (as support) [both physical body part and function] |
||
3. leg (as ambulator, extension, limb) [both physical body part and function] |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. leg as physical body part |
1. leg as manipulating body part (e.g., for kicking, stomping) |
|
2. leg as or balancing appendage for body |
2. leg as support against gravity |
|
3. leg as limb/extension |
3. leg as ambulatory organ |
|
SIMILAR PATTERNS EXIST FOR:
DÈ- ‘HAND’--> SSD derivatives: 1) fist 2) palm 3) knuckle 4) hand as flat “blade”, e.g., for karate chop 5) finger 6) thumb 7) “butt” of hand [=lower part of palm] 8) fingernail 9) bottom side of fist [as when pounding fist onto table; for individual fingers, use following affixes + SSD/5 for ‘finger’: index = “main finger” or “first finger”, middle finger = “mid-finger” or “long finger” or “2nd finger”, ring finger = “3rd finger”, pinkie = 4th finger or small(est) finger
VÀ- ‘TAIL’
GÈ- ‘FOOT’--> SSD Derivatives: heel, ball of foot, upper side of foot, arch, plantar fascia, achilles tendon
CLASS II ROOTS: Organic taxonomies (continued)
BẸ- ‘CLASSES OF MAMMAL’ |
||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
|
1. marsupial |
Same as INFORMAL stems referring to tamed, domesticated, pet, bred, etc. individual |
|
2. egg-laying mammal, ovoviviparous mammal |
||
3. placental mammal |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
Same as above 3 stems referring to male |
Same as above 3 stems referring to female |
|
DLẠ- ‘INSECT’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. member of particular genus of insect |
1. member of genus as resource |
||
2. male member of genus |
2. male as resource |
||
3. female member of genus |
3. female as resource |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. wild member of genus |
1. bred or domesticated member of genus |
1. member of genus as food/prey |
1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product |
2. wild male member of genus |
2. bred or domesticated male member of genus |
2. male as food/prey |
2. male as derived resource or processed product |
3. wild female member of genus |
3. bred or domesticated female member of genus |
3. female as food/prey |
3. female as derived resource or processed product |
MAT Suffix –V0k used to indicate life stage: larvae/grub, chrysalis, cocoon, adult, etc.
SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) egg, 2) wing, 3) oil/secretion, 4) silk/web, 5) skin/pellicle, 6) tail, 7) horn, 8) leg(s) 9) [open]
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
PYẠ- ‘BUMBLEBEE’
VLẠ- ‘HONEYBEE’
ĐLẠ- ‘ANT’
MLẠ- ‘COCKROACH’
ŠRẠ- ‘BUTTERFLY’
NLẠ- ‘MOTH’
TRẠ- ‘HOUSEFLY’
ÇPẠ- ‘WASP’
ÇTẠ- ‘HORNET’
ÇKẠ- ‘GNAT’
FYẠ- ‘MOSQUITO’
ŢYẠ- ‘APHID’
VYẠ- ‘FIREFLY’
ĐYẠ- ‘FLEA’
XRẠ- ‘BEETLE’
VRẠ- ‘SPIDER’
ĐRẠ- ‘TICK’
ŻẠ- ‘TERMITE’
DYẠ- ‘WATERBUG’
MYẠ- ‘GRASSHOPPER’
ZRẠ- ‘LOCUST’
ŽRẠ- ‘DRAGONFLY’
BŽẠ- ‘MANTIS’
BLẠ- ‘GENERIC CRAWLING BUG’
GLẠ- ‘GENERIC FLYING BUG’
MLẸ- ‘GENERIC WATERLIFE ’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. member of genus |
1. member of genus as resource |
||
2. male member of genus |
2. male as resource |
||
3. female member of genus |
3. female as resource |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. wild member of genus |
1. bred or domesticated member of genus |
1. member of genus as food/prey |
1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product |
2. wild male member of genus |
2. bred or domesticated male member of genus |
2. male as food/prey |
2. male as derived resource or processed product |
3. wild female member of genus |
3. bred or domesticated female member of genus |
3. female as food/prey |
3. female as derived resource or processed product |
SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) egg, 2) meat, 3) skin/shell, 4) fluid/ink, 5) smoked meat, 6) as bait, 7) as fodder, 8) as ingredient in food or as fishmeal 9) cooked meat
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
BŘẸ- ‘OCTOPUS’
TRẸ- ‘SQUID’
VLẸ- ‘EEL’
DLẸ- ‘LAMPREY’
KRẸ- ‘RAY’
XLẸ- ‘SHARK’
BLẸ- ‘CLAM’
FLẸ- ‘SCALLOP’
FRẸ- ‘MUSSEL’
ŦLẸ- ‘CRAB’
ZLẸ- ‘SHRIMP/PRAWN’
MRẸ- ‘LOBSTER’
ŠLẸ- ‘TROUT’
KLẸ- ‘TUNA’
XNẸ- ‘COD’
SPẸ- ‘BASS’
GŘẸ- ‘PIKE’
PẠ- ‘BRANCHED AND/OR LEAVED PLANT’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. genus of branched tree/bush and/or leaved plant |
1. wood product |
||
2. leaf |
2. leaf product |
||
3. bark |
3. bark product |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. wood |
1. seed/fruit/nut |
1. wood as resource |
1. seed/fruit as food or resource |
2. root |
2. flower/blossom |
2. root as food or resource |
2. flower as food or resource |
3. branch |
3. sap |
3. branch as resource |
3. sap product/syrup |
SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) meat of fruit, 2) seed within fruit, 3) rind, 4) juice, 5) flavor, 6) odor of fruit, 7) oil, 8) [unassigned/specific to individual root] 9) fermented juice, i.e., wine
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
CẠ- ‘BIRCH’
TẠ- ‘SPRUCE’
XẠ- ‘CEDAR’
GYẠ- ‘OAK’
KẠ- ‘PINE’
GẠ- ‘PALM’
FẠ- ‘CHERRY’
ČẠ- ‘WALNUT’
ŦẠ- ‘MAPLE’
RYẠ- ‘ASH’
BẠ- ‘CYPRESS’
SẠ- ‘BEECH’
DẠ- ‘MAHOGANY’
MẠ- ‘COCONUT’
NẠ- ‘EUCALYPTUS’
ŇẠ- ‘MAGNOLIA’
ŠẠ- ‘REDWOOD’
VẠ- ‘LARCH’
LẠ- ‘ELM’
LYẠ- ‘FIG’
RẠ- ‘BANANA’
ŘẠ- ‘YEW’
PSẠ- ‘ALMOND’
ZẠ- ‘CHESTNUT’
PŠẠ- ‘ALDER’
KSẠ- ‘OLIVE’
GZẠ- ‘POPLAR’
TLẠ- ‘PINEAPPLE’
KŠẠ- ‘APPLE’
PLẠ- ‘ORANGE’
KLẠ- ‘LEMON’
FLẠ- ‘LIME’
ŦLẠ- ‘PEAR’
XLẠ- ‘PLUM’
SLẠ- ‘PEACH’
ŽẠ- ‘TANGERINE’
KYẠ- ‘COFFEE’
BZẠ- FLAX
THE STEM PATTERN OF THE FOLLOWING CLASS 2 ROOTS IS IDENTICAL TO THE PATTERN OF THE CLASS 1 ROOT VYÙ - ‘FOOD PLANT’:
PẸ- cabbage (plant/leaves of sp. Brassica oleracea capitata)
TẸ- lettuce (plant/leaves of genus Lactuca)
KẸ- spinach (plant/leaves of sp. Spinacia oleracea)
KYẸ- tea (plant/leaves of sp. Camellia sinensis)
CẸ- kelp (seaweed of orders Laminariales and Fucales)
ČẸ- mustard (plant of sp. Brassica hirta / B. nigra / B. juncea)
SẸ- corn, maize (plant/seeds of sp. Zea mays)
ŠẸ- oat (plant/seed of genus Avena)
ZẸ- wheat (plant/seed of sp. Triticum aestivum)
ŽẸ- tobacco (plant/leaves of sp. Nicotiana tabacum)
DẸ- hemp, marijuana (plant/material of sp. Cannabis sativa)
GẸ- sesame (plant/seed of genus Sesamum)
JẸ- pea (plant/seed of sp. Pisum sativum)
FẸ- bean (lima/snap/etc.: plant/seed of genus Phaseolus or similar)
ŦẸ- lentil (plant/seeds of sp. Lens culinaris)
XẸ- soya, soybean (plant/seed of sp. Glycine max)
GYẸ- peanut (plant/seed/pod of sp. Arachis hypogaea)
VẸ- rice (plant/seed of sp. Oryza sativa)
ĐẸ- pepper (hot/sweet/bell pepper -- plant/pod of genus Capsicum)
RẸ- pepper (black -- plant/seed of sp. Piper nigrum)
PFẸ- millet
TFẸ- amaranth
KFẸ- sorghum
TYẸ- teff
KMẸ- ginseng
RẸ- potato
LYẸ- carrot
RYẸ- yam, sweet potato
ŘẸ- garlic
LẸ- onion
MẸ- grape
NẸ- tomato
ŇẸ- squash, melon
SMẸ- gourd
SNẸ- date
BYẸ- cucumber
ŠMẸ- bamboo
ŠNẸ- cork
PRẸ- cotton
GVẸ- ginger
DVẸ- mint
BVẸ- safflower
SKỤ- ‘GENERIC MAMMAL/AVIAN/REPTILE’ |
|||
INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
||
1. member of mammalian/avian/reptilian genus |
1. member of genus as resource |
||
2. male member of genus |
2. male as resource |
||
3. female member of genus |
3. female as resource |
||
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
||
1. wild member of genus |
1. bred or domesticated member of genus |
1. member of genus as food/prey |
1. member of genus as derived resource or processed product |
2. wild male member of genus |
2. bred or domesticated male member of genus |
2. male as food/prey |
2. male as derived resource or processed product |
3. wild female member of genus |
3. bred or domesticated female member of genus |
3. female as food/prey |
3. female as derived resource or processed product |
MAT Suffix –V0k used to indicate life stage: e.g., foal, fawn, yearling, adult, etc.
SSD Suffix = -V1t’ used as follows: 1) egg, 2) milk, 3) oil/secretion/venom, 4) fat, 5) skin/hide, 6) tail, 7) tusk/horn, 8) fur/feathers 9) flesh/meat
THE ABOVE PATTERN IS APPLIED TO THE FOLLOWING ROOTS:
PỤ- ‘HORSE’
TỤ- ‘COW’
GỤ- ‘PIG’
CỤ- ‘SHEEP’
FỤ- ‘GOAT’
BỤ- ‘DEER’
KỤ- ‘BISON/BUFFALO’
MỤ- ‘CHICKEN’
ŠỤ- ‘DUCK’
PLỤ- ‘GOOSE’
JỤ- ‘SWAN’
KYỤ- ‘TURKEY’
ŦỤ- ‘OSTRICH’
BZỤ- ‘DOLPHIN’
ČỤ- ‘MULE’
XỤ- ‘DONKEY’
GYỤ- ‘ZEBRA’
XLỤ- ‘LION’
LỤ- ‘TIGER’
RỤ- ‘BEAR’
SỤ- ‘ELK’
ŇỤ- ‘MOOSE’
LYỤ- ‘BOAR’
PSỤ- ‘YAK’
KSỤ- ‘CAMEL’
BŽỤ- ‘WALRUS’
RYỤ- ‘ELEPHANT’
PŠỤ- ‘GIRAFFE’
NỤ- ‘CAT’
ŻỤ- ‘DOG’
KŠỤ- ‘RABBIT’
TLỤ- ‘CHIMPANZEE’
GZỤ- ‘GORILLA’
ŦLỤ- ‘LEMUR’
KLỤ- ‘ORANGUTAN’
FLỤ- ‘OTTER’
SLỤ- ‘WHALE’
ŠLỤ- ‘SEAL’
GLỤ- ‘SEA LION’
PŦỤ- ‘ANTELOPE’
ZLỤ- ‘GAZELLE’
KŦỤ- ‘BABOON’
PŘỤ- ‘FOX’
SPỤ- ‘WOLF’
STỤ- ‘COYOTE’
ŠPỤ- ‘SKUNK’
SF Ụ- ‘PORCUPINE’
TŘỤ- ‘POSSUM’
SXỤ- ‘KANGAROO’
SŦỤ- ‘MOUSE’
SNỤ- ‘RAT’
VỤ- ‘LEOPARD’
ĐỤ- ‘CHEETAH’
KFỤ- ‘PANTHER’
TYỤ- ‘JAGUAR’
TFỤ- ‘MOLE’
BVỤ- ‘SQUIRREL’
DVỤ- ‘VOLE’
GVỤ- ‘CHIPMUNK’
BLỤ- ‘SHREW’
KŘỤ- ‘ROBIN’
DŘỤ- ‘LARK’
GŘỤ- ‘SPARROW’
GŽỤ- ‘OWL’
XMỤ- ‘PIGEON’
ŠTỤ- ‘EAGLE’
SMỤ- ‘GULL’
ŠXỤ- ‘ALBATROSS’
BRỤ- ‘HAWK’
GRỤ- ‘VULTURE’
DRỤ- ‘PHEASANT’
ŦRỤ- ‘NIGHTINGALE’
KNỤ- ‘SNAKE’
ŠKỤ- ‘VIPER’
ŠMỤ- ‘COBRA’
ŠNỤ- ‘RATTLESNAKE’
BŘỤ- ‘PYTHON’
ŠŦỤ- ‘ASP’
ŠFỤ- ‘ALLIGATOR’
ÇPỤ- ‘CROCODILE’
SRỤ- ‘LIZARD’
ŠRỤ- ‘GILA MONSTER’
FRỤ- ‘IGUANA’
BYỤ- ‘FROG’
KRỤ- ‘TOAD’
PRỤ- ‘TURTLE’
TLẸ- ‘CLASSES OF LAND/AIR ANIMAL’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. mammal |
Same as INFORMAL stems referring to domesticated, tamed, bred, pet, etc. individual |
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2. non-mammalian, non-avian, non-reptilian animal, i.e., insect/arthropod/arachnid/worm/mollusk |
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3. avian or reptilian lifeform |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. insect |
1. mollusc |
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2. worm |
2. bird |
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3. arthropod/arachnid |
3. reptile |
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CLASS III ROOTS: Inorganic matter, the physical world, and physical substance taxonomies
DÌ - ‘ROCK/MINERAL-BASED SOIL/GROUND’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. stone [as substance/material or substrate/ground] |
1. rock(y) [= specific natural embodiment of stone] |
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2. sand [as substance/material or substrate/ground] |
2. gravel |
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3. clay [as substance/material or substrate/ground] |
3. lava [w/ CPT = volcanic rock/lava-based rock] |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance |
Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament |
Same as above 3 stems w/ focus on substance |
Above 3 stems used to identify material nature of the substrate, ground or firmament |
MLÌ ‘HORIZONTAL SUPPORTING SURFACE AGAINST GRAVITY’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. “ground”/firmament |
1. floor |
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2. table-like horizontal flat object / slab |
2. table |
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3. shelf-like flat object |
3. shelf |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form |
same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity |
same as above 3 stems referring to physical gestalt/shape/form |
same as above 3 stems referring to function/purpose as functional supporting surface against gravity |
ŘÒ- ‘LIGHT / RADIANT ENERGY’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. ray of sunlight |
1. ray of radiant light or energy (non-solar) |
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2. the Sun / Sol |
2. flame / “tongue” of fire |
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3. star |
3. artificial source of light or energy |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. light from a ray of sunlight |
1. heat from a ray of sunlight |
1. ray of light (non-solar) |
1. ray of energy/heat (non-solar) |
2. the Sun as light source |
2. the Sun as energy/heat source |
2. ray of firelight |
2. flame as energy/heat source |
3. starlight |
3. energy of a star |
3. lamp light / light from artificial source |
3. energy/heat from artificial energy/heat source |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: fire, sunshine, illuminate, light a fire, flare (up), lamp, fireplace; galaxy, heater, to warm, warmth, to cook [= transform by heat], to melt, to smelt, to expose [via illumination]; burn
SÌ - ‘PLANETARY BODY’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. planet/planetary body |
1. The Earth/Terra |
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2. moon/satellite of planetary body |
2. The Moon/Luna |
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3. other spatial body |
3. artificial satellite |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body |
Same as above 3 stems referring to human interaction with (i.e., sighting, influence by, speculation upon, contact with, experimentation involving, etc.) |
Same as above 3 stems referring to physical body |
Same as above 3 stems referring to human interaction with (i.e., sighting, influence by, speculation upon, contact with, experimentation involving, etc.) |
SSD Derivatives for Informal Stem 3: asteroid, comet, cosmic dust, cosmic gas, cosmic ray, component of Oort Cloud, cosmic string, quantum filament
MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES: Gaia, Gaia Principle/Hypothesis
ĐÒ- ‘WATER AS SUBSTANCE AND TOOL’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. (some) water; (be/make) wet / moist(en) |
1. (some) water as component of life |
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2. (some) water in context of usage [both substance and use] |
2. (some) water as nourishment; to consume/drink water |
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3. ice |
3. (some) water as biological environment or medium |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. (some) water [substance itself] |
1. degree of moisture [from water] |
1. (some) water of one’s corporeal body |
1. hydration; hydrate |
2. water as “tool” (e.g., for washing, for powering a turbine, etc.) |
2. wash, clean [with water] |
2. act of drinking water; to drink water |
2. to water (e.g., plants) |
3. ice / freeze |
3. float |
3. (some) water from a natural environmental setting |
3. to inhabit water / live in water / water-dwelling |
EXAMPLE DERIVATIONS FROM THIS STEM: bathe, lave, submerge, sink, dunk, immerse, dry, drench(ed), irrigate, swim, the sea (as environment); dehydrate; thirst
KLÒ- ‘WATER IN NATURAL MOTION’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. a flow of water / to flow or run |
1. river / to flow as a river / to run as a river |
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2. sprinkle / shower; to sprinkle or shower upon |
2. rain(fall); to rain |
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3. cascade / pour [= free falling of water] |
3. waterfall |
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COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
COMPLEMENTARY Stems |
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1. water component of a flow of water |
1. channel or course of a flow of water |
1. water component of a river |
1. channel or course of a river |
2. water component of a sprinkle/shower |
2. trajectory or course of a sprinkle/shower |
2. water component of rain |
2. “path” or course of a rain shower |
3. water component of a cascade or pouring of water |
3. trajectory or course of a pouring of water |
3. water component of a waterfall |
3. channel or “groove” of a waterfall |
EXAMPLE MORPHOLOGICAL DERIVATIVES FROM THE ABOVE STEMS: flood, downpour, to rain “cats and dogs”, brook, stream, rivulet, arroyo, floodplain
TLÒ- ‘WATER IN STATIC SETTING’ |
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INFORMAL Stems |
FORMAL Stems |
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1. container of water |
1. (standing) body of water |
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2. water/moisture located in confined space |
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